Welcome to my blog,today we are going to be discussing about shock and what shock is or what is shock. Before the end of this topic, we should be able to Define the term Shock, describe the main physiological changes that occur during shock, explain the underlying physiological of the main causes of shock

What Is Shock

Fully going to discuss what is Shock (circulatory failure) occurs when the metabolic needs of cells are not being met because of inadequate blood flow. In effect, there is a reduction in circulating blood volume, in blood pressure and in cardiac output.This causes tissue hypoxia, an inadequate supply of nutrients and the accumulation of waste products. A number of different types of shock and what is shock are described.
Hypovolaemic shock

This occurs when the blood volume is reduced by 15-25%.Cardiac output may fall because of low blood volume and hence low venous return, as a result of different situations:

• severe hemorrhage – whole blood is lost

• extensive burns – serum is lost

severe vomiting and diarrhea – water and

electrolytes are lost.

Cardiogenic shock

This occurs in acute heart disease when damaged heart muscle cannot maintain an adequate cardiac output, e.g. in myocardial infarction.

Septic shock (bacteraemic, endotoxic)

After going through the above words ,we can fully describe What Is Shock . Shock is caused by severe infections in which bacterial toxins are released into the circulation. These toxins trigger a massive inflammatory and immune response, and many powerful mediators are released. Because the response is not controlled, it can cause multiple organ damage, depression of myocardial contractility, poor tissue perfusion and tissue death (necrosis). Profound hypotension occurs because the inflammatory mediators cause profound vasodilation.

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Neurogenic Shock

The causes include sudden acute pain, severe emotionalexperience, spinal anaesthesia and spinal cord damage.These interfere called shock with normal nervous control of blood vessel diameter, leading to hypotension.

Anaphylactic Shock

It is a severe allergic response that may be triggered in sensitive individuals by substances like penicillin,peanut or latex rubber. Vasodilation, provoked by systemic release of inflammatory mediators eg histamine and bradykinin , cause venous pooling and hypertension. Severe bronchi constriction leads to respiratory difficulty and hypoxia. Onset is usually sudden, and in severe cases can cause death in a matter of minutes if treated.

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Physiological changes during shock

Compensated Shock

In the short the state of shock is the longer-term changes may be irreversible.Compensated shock as the blood pressure falls, a number of reflexes are stimulated and hormone secretions increased in an attempt to restore it. These raise blood pressure by increasing. What is shock Will be discussed totally in this content. peripheral resistance, blood volume and cardiac output Increased sympathetic stimulation increases heart rale and cardiac output, and also causes vasoconstriction, which increase blood pressure. Low blood volume and increased osmolarity of the blood cause secretion of ADH and activation of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system.Consequent release aldosterone reduces water and sodium excretion and prnotes vasoconstrition. The veins also constrict, help it reduce venous wooling and support venous return these comperestory mechanisms, plus any medical interventions available, are sufficient then perfusion of the heart and brain can be maintained and the patient’s condition may be stabilized.

Uncompensated Shock

If the insult is more severe, shock becomes a self-perpetuating sequence of deteriorating cardiovascular function – uncompensated shock . Hypoxia causes cellular metabolism to switch to anaerobic pathways, resulting in accumulation of lactic acid and progressive acidosis, which damages capillaries. The capillares then become more permeable, leaking fluid from the vascular system into the tissues, further lowering
blood pressure and tissue perfusion. Also, the accumulation of waste products causes vasodilation, making it harder for control mechanisms to support blood pressure.Organs, including the heart, are deprived of oxygen and
may start to fail.Eventually, the cardiovascular system reaches the stage when, although
its compensatory mechanisms are running at maximum, it is unable to supply the brain’s requirements. As the brain, including the cardio-
vascular and respiratory centers in the brain stem,becomes starved of oxygen and nutrients, it begins to fail and there is loss of central control of the body’ compensatory mechanisms. Circulatory collapse follows.Finally, degenerating cardiovascular function leads to irreversible and progressive brain-stem damage, and death follows.